【目录】
一、【基础知识——扫盲】
二、【DOM、SAX、JDOM、DOM4j简单使用介绍】
三、【性能测试】
四、【对比】
五、【小插曲XPath】
六、【补充】
关键字:Java解析xml、解析xml四种方法、DOM、SAX、JDOM、DOM4j、XPath
【引言】
目前在Java中用于解析XML的技术很多,主流的有DOM、SAX、JDOM、DOM4j,下文主要介绍这4种解析XML文档技术的使用、优缺点及性能测试。
sax、dom是两种对xml文档进行解析的方法(没有具体实现,只是接口),所以只有它们是无法解析xml文档的;jaxp只是api,它进一步封装了sax、dom两种接口,并且提供了DomcumentBuilderFactory/DomcumentBuilder和SAXParserFactory/SAXParser(默认使用xerces解释器)。
1、【DOM(Document Object Model) 】由W3C提供的接口,它将整个XML文档读入内存,构建一个DOM树来对各个节点(Node)进行操作。
示例代码:
- <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>  
- <university name="pku">  
-     <college name="c1">  
-         <class name="class1">  
-             <student name="stu1" sex='male' age="21" />  
-             <student name="stu2" sex='female' age="20" />  
-             <student name="stu3" sex='female' age="20" />  
-         </class>  
-         <class name="class2">  
-             <student name="stu4" sex='male' age="19" />  
-             <student name="stu5" sex='female' age="20" />  
-             <student name="stu6" sex='female' age="21" />  
-         </class>  
-     </college>  
-     <college name="c2">  
-         <class name="class3">  
-             <student name="stu7" sex='male' age="20" />  
-         </class>  
-     </college>  
-     <college name="c3">  
-     </college>  
- </university>  
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<university name="pku">
    <college name="c1">
        <class name="class1">
            <student name="stu1" sex='male' age="21" />
            <student name="stu2" sex='female' age="20" />
            <student name="stu3" sex='female' age="20" />
        </class>
        <class name="class2">
            <student name="stu4" sex='male' age="19" />
            <student name="stu5" sex='female' age="20" />
            <student name="stu6" sex='female' age="21" />
        </class>
    </college>
    <college name="c2">
        <class name="class3">
            <student name="stu7" sex='male' age="20" />
        </class>
    </college>
    <college name="c3">
    </college>
</university>后文代码中有使用到text.xml(该文档放在src路径下,既编译后在classes路径下),都是指该xml文档。
package test.xml;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilder;
import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;
import javax.xml.parsers.ParserConfigurationException;
import javax.xml.transform.Transformer;
import javax.xml.transform.TransformerConfigurationException;
import javax.xml.transform.TransformerException;
import javax.xml.transform.TransformerFactory;
import javax.xml.transform.dom.DOMSource;
import javax.xml.transform.stream.StreamResult;
import org.w3c.dom.Document;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;
import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;
import org.w3c.dom.Text;
import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
/**
 * dom读写xml
 * @author whwang
 */
public class TestDom {
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        read();
        //write();
    }
    
    public static void read() {
        DocumentBuilderFactory dbf = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
        try {
            DocumentBuilder builder = dbf.newDocumentBuilder();
            InputStream in = TestDom.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("test.xml");
            Document doc = builder.parse(in);
            // root <university>
            Element root = doc.getDocumentElement();
            if (root == null) return;
            System.err.println(root.getAttribute("name"));
            // all college node
            NodeList collegeNodes = root.getChildNodes();
            if (collegeNodes == null) return;
            for(int i = 0; i < collegeNodes.getLength(); i++) {
                Node college = collegeNodes.item(i);
                if (college != null && college.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
                    System.err.println("\t" + college.getAttributes().getNamedItem("name").getNodeValue());
                    // all class node
                    NodeList classNodes = college.getChildNodes();
                    if (classNodes == null) continue;
                    for (int j = 0; j < classNodes.getLength(); j++) {
                        Node clazz = classNodes.item(j);
                        if (clazz != null && clazz.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
                            System.err.println("\t\t" + clazz.getAttributes().getNamedItem("name").getNodeValue());
                            // all student node
                            NodeList studentNodes = clazz.getChildNodes();
                            if (studentNodes == null) continue;
                            for (int k = 0; k < studentNodes.getLength(); k++) {
                                Node student = studentNodes.item(k);
                                if (student != null && student.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
                                    System.err.print("\t\t\t" + student.getAttributes().getNamedItem("name").getNodeValue());
                                    System.err.print(" " + student.getAttributes().getNamedItem("sex").getNodeValue());
                                    System.err.println(" " + student.getAttributes().getNamedItem("age").getNodeValue());
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        } catch (ParserConfigurationException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (SAXException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        
    }
    
    public static void write() {
        DocumentBuilderFactory dbf = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
        try {
            DocumentBuilder builder = dbf.newDocumentBuilder();
            InputStream in = TestDom.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("test.xml");
            Document doc = builder.parse(in);
            // root <university>
            Element root = doc.getDocumentElement();
            if (root == null) return;
            // 修改属性
            root.setAttribute("name", "tsu");
            NodeList collegeNodes = root.getChildNodes();
            if (collegeNodes != null) {
                for (int i = 0; i <collegeNodes.getLength() - 1; i++) {
                    // 删除节点
                    Node college = collegeNodes.item(i);
                    if (college.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
                        String collegeName = college.getAttributes().getNamedItem("name").getNodeValue();
                        if ("c1".equals(collegeName) || "c2".equals(collegeName)) {
                            root.removeChild(college);
                        } else if ("c3".equals(collegeName)) {
                            Element newChild = doc.createElement("class");
                            newChild.setAttribute("name", "c4");
                            college.appendChild(newChild);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            // 新增节点
            Element addCollege = doc.createElement("college");
            addCollege.setAttribute("name", "c5");
            root.appendChild(addCollege);
            Text text = doc.createTextNode("text");
            addCollege.appendChild(text);
            
            // 将修改后的文档保存到文件
            TransformerFactory transFactory = TransformerFactory.newInstance();
            Transformer transFormer = transFactory.newTransformer();
            DOMSource domSource = new DOMSource(doc);
            File file = new File("src/dom-modify.xml");
            if (file.exists()) {
                file.delete();
            }
            file.createNewFile();
            FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(file);         
            StreamResult xmlResult = new StreamResult(out);
            transFormer.transform(domSource, xmlResult);
            System.out.println(file.getAbsolutePath());
        } catch (ParserConfigurationException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (SAXException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (TransformerConfigurationException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (TransformerException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}该代码只要稍做修改,即可变得更加简洁,无需一直写if来判断是否有子节点。
2、【SAX (Simple API for XML) 】SAX不用将整个文档加载到内存,基于事件驱动的API(Observer模式),用户只需要注册自己感兴趣的事件即可。SAX提供EntityResolver, DTDHandler, ContentHandler, ErrorHandler接口,分别用于监听解析实体事件、DTD处理事件、正文处理事件和处理出错事件,与AWT类似,SAX还提供了一个对这4个接口默认的类DefaultHandler(这里的默认实现,其实就是一个空方法),一般只要继承DefaultHandler,重写自己感兴趣的事件即可。
示例代码:
- package test.xml;  
-   
- import java.io.IOException;  
- import java.io.InputStream;  
-   
- import javax.xml.parsers.ParserConfigurationException;  
- import javax.xml.parsers.SAXParser;  
- import javax.xml.parsers.SAXParserFactory;  
-   
- import org.xml.sax.Attributes;  
- import org.xml.sax.InputSource;  
- import org.xml.sax.Locator;  
- import org.xml.sax.SAXException;  
- import org.xml.sax.SAXParseException;  
- import org.xml.sax.helpers.DefaultHandler;  
-   
-  
-  
-  
-   
- public class TestSAX {  
-   
-     public static void main(String[] args) {  
-         read();  
-         write();  
-     }  
-       
-     public static void read() {  
-         try {  
-             SAXParserFactory factory = SAXParserFactory.newInstance();  
-             SAXParser parser = factory.newSAXParser();  
-             InputStream in = TestSAX.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("test.xml");  
-             parser.parse(in, new MyHandler());  
-         } catch (ParserConfigurationException e) {  
-             e.printStackTrace();  
-         } catch (SAXException e) {  
-             e.printStackTrace();  
-         } catch (IOException e) {  
-             e.printStackTrace();  
-         }  
-     }  
-       
-     public static void write() {  
-         System.err.println("纯SAX对于写操作无能为力");  
-     }  
-       
- }  
-   
-   
- class MyHandler extends DefaultHandler {  
-   
-     @Override  
-     public InputSource resolveEntity(String publicId, String systemId)  
-             throws IOException, SAXException {  
-         return super.resolveEntity(publicId, systemId);  
-     }  
-   
-     @Override  
-     public void notationDecl(String name, String publicId, String systemId)  
-             throws SAXException {  
-         super.notationDecl(name, publicId, systemId);  
-     }  
-   
-     @Override  
-     public void unparsedEntityDecl(String name, String publicId,  
-             String systemId, String notationName) throws SAXException {  
-         super.unparsedEntityDecl(name, publicId, systemId, notationName);  
-     }  
-   
-     @Override  
-     public void setDocumentLocator(Locator locator) {  
-         super.setDocumentLocator(locator);  
-     }  
-   
-     @Override  
-     public void startDocument() throws SAXException {  
-         System.err.println("开始解析文档");  
-     }  
-   
-     @Override  
-     public void endDocument() throws SAXException {  
-         System.err.println("解析结束");  
-     }  
-   
-     @Override  
-     public void startPrefixMapping(String prefix, String uri)  
-             throws SAXException {  
-         super.startPrefixMapping(prefix, uri);  
-     }  
-   
-     @Override  
-     public void endPrefixMapping(String prefix) throws SAXException {  
-         super.endPrefixMapping(prefix);  
-     }  
-   
-     @Override  
-     public void startElement(String uri, String localName, String qName,  
-             Attributes attributes) throws SAXException {  
-         System.err.print("Element: " + qName + ", attr: ");  
-         print(attributes);  
-     }  
-   
-     @Override  
-     public void endElement(String uri, String localName, String qName)  
-             throws SAXException {  
-         super.endElement(uri, localName, qName);  
-     }  
-   
-     @Override  
-     public void characters(char[] ch, int start, int length)  
-             throws SAXException {  
-         super.characters(ch, start, length);  
-     }  
-   
-     @Override  
-     public void ignorableWhitespace(char[] ch, int start, int length)  
-             throws SAXException {  
-         super.ignorableWhitespace(ch, start, length);  
-     }  
-   
-     @Override  
-     public void processingInstruction(String target, String data)  
-             throws SAXException {  
-         super.processingInstruction(target, data);  
-     }  
-   
-     @Override  
-     public void skippedEntity(String name) throws SAXException {  
-         super.skippedEntity(name);  
-     }  
-   
-     @Override  
-     public void warning(SAXParseException e) throws SAXException {  
-         super.warning(e);  
-     }  
-   
-     @Override  
-     public void error(SAXParseException e) throws SAXException {  
-         super.error(e);  
-     }  
-   
-     @Override  
-     public void fatalError(SAXParseException e) throws SAXException {  
-         super.fatalError(e);  
-     }  
-       
-     private void print(Attributes attrs) {  
-         if (attrs == null) return;  
-         System.err.print("[");  
-         for (int i = 0; i < attrs.getLength(); i++) {  
-             System.err.print(attrs.getQName(i) + " = " + attrs.getValue(i));  
-             if (i != attrs.getLength() - 1) {  
-                 System.err.print(", ");  
-             }  
-         }  
-         System.err.println("]");  
-     }  
- }  
 package test.xml;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import javax.xml.parsers.ParserConfigurationException;
import javax.xml.parsers.SAXParser;
import javax.xml.parsers.SAXParserFactory;
import org.xml.sax.Attributes;
import org.xml.sax.InputSource;
import org.xml.sax.Locator;
import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
import org.xml.sax.SAXParseException;
import org.xml.sax.helpers.DefaultHandler;
/**
 *
 * @author whwang
 */
public class TestSAX {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        read();
        write();
    }
    
    public static void read() {
        try {
            SAXParserFactory factory = SAXParserFactory.newInstance();
            SAXParser parser = factory.newSAXParser();
            InputStream in = TestSAX.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("test.xml");
            parser.parse(in, new MyHandler());
        } catch (ParserConfigurationException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (SAXException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    
    public static void write() {
        System.err.println("纯SAX对于写操作无能为力");
    }
    
}
// 重写对自己感兴趣的事件处理方法
class MyHandler extends DefaultHandler {
    @Override
    public InputSource resolveEntity(String publicId, String systemId)
            throws IOException, SAXException {
        return super.resolveEntity(publicId, systemId);
    }
    @Override
    public void notationDecl(String name, String publicId, String systemId)
            throws SAXException {
        super.notationDecl(name, publicId, systemId);
    }
    @Override
    public void unparsedEntityDecl(String name, String publicId,
            String systemId, String notationName) throws SAXException {
        super.unparsedEntityDecl(name, publicId, systemId, notationName);
    }
    @Override
    public void setDocumentLocator(Locator locator) {
        super.setDocumentLocator(locator);
    }
    @Override
    public void startDocument() throws SAXException {
        System.err.println("开始解析文档");
    }
    @Override
    public void endDocument() throws SAXException {
        System.err.println("解析结束");
    }
    @Override
    public void startPrefixMapping(String prefix, String uri)
            throws SAXException {
        super.startPrefixMapping(prefix, uri);
    }
    @Override
    public void endPrefixMapping(String prefix) throws SAXException {
        super.endPrefixMapping(prefix);
    }
    @Override
    public void startElement(String uri, String localName, String qName,
            Attributes attributes) throws SAXException {
        System.err.print("Element: " + qName + ", attr: ");
        print(attributes);
    }
    @Override
    public void endElement(String uri, String localName, String qName)
            throws SAXException {
        super.endElement(uri, localName, qName);
    }
    @Override
    public void characters(char[] ch, int start, int length)
            throws SAXException {
        super.characters(ch, start, length);
    }
    @Override
    public void ignorableWhitespace(char[] ch, int start, int length)
            throws SAXException {
        super.ignorableWhitespace(ch, start, length);
    }
    @Override
    public void processingInstruction(String target, String data)
            throws SAXException {
        super.processingInstruction(target, data);
    }
    @Override
    public void skippedEntity(String name) throws SAXException {
        super.skippedEntity(name);
    }
    @Override
    public void warning(SAXParseException e) throws SAXException {
        super.warning(e);
    }
    @Override
    public void error(SAXParseException e) throws SAXException {
        super.error(e);
    }
    @Override
    public void fatalError(SAXParseException e) throws SAXException {
        super.fatalError(e);
    }
    
    private void print(Attributes attrs) {
        if (attrs == null) return;
        System.err.print("[");
        for (int i = 0; i < attrs.getLength(); i++) {
            System.err.print(attrs.getQName(i) + " = " + attrs.getValue(i));
            if (i != attrs.getLength() - 1) {
                System.err.print(", ");
            }
        }
        System.err.println("]");
    }
}3、【JDOM】JDOM与DOM非常类似,它是处理XML的纯JAVA API,API大量使用了Collections类,且JDOM仅使用具体类而不使用接口。 JDOM 它自身不包含解析器。它通常使用 SAX2 解析器来解析和验证输入 XML 文档(尽管它还可以将以前构造的 DOM 表示作为输入)。它包含一些转换器以将 JDOM 表示输出成 SAX2 事件流、DOM 模型或 XML 文本文档
示例代码:
- package test.xml;  
-   
- import java.io.File;  
- import java.io.FileOutputStream;  
- import java.io.IOException;  
- import java.io.InputStream;  
- import java.util.List;  
-   
- import org.jdom.Attribute;  
- import org.jdom.Document;  
- import org.jdom.Element;  
- import org.jdom.JDOMException;  
- import org.jdom.input.SAXBuilder;  
- import org.jdom.output.XMLOutputter;  
-   
-  
-  
-  
-   
- public class TestJDom {  
-     public static void main(String[] args) {  
-           
-         write();  
-     }  
-       
-     public static void read() {  
-         try {  
-             boolean validate = false;  
-             SAXBuilder builder = new SAXBuilder(validate);  
-             InputStream in = TestJDom.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("test.xml");  
-             Document doc = builder.build(in);  
-               
-             Element root = doc.getRootElement();  
-             readNode(root, "");  
-         } catch (JDOMException e) {  
-             e.printStackTrace();  
-         } catch (IOException e) {  
-             e.printStackTrace();  
-         }  
-     }  
-       
-     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")  
-     public static void readNode(Element root, String prefix) {  
-         if (root == null) return;  
-           
-         List<Attribute> attrs = root.getAttributes();  
-         if (attrs != null && attrs.size() > 0) {  
-             System.err.print(prefix);  
-             for (Attribute attr : attrs) {  
-                 System.err.print(attr.getValue() + " ");  
-             }  
-             System.err.println();  
-         }  
-           
-         List<Element> childNodes = root.getChildren();  
-         prefix += "\t";  
-         for (Element e : childNodes) {  
-             readNode(e, prefix);  
-         }  
-     }  
-       
-     public static void write() {  
-         boolean validate = false;  
-         try {  
-             SAXBuilder builder = new SAXBuilder(validate);  
-             InputStream in = TestJDom.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("test.xml");  
-             Document doc = builder.build(in);  
-               
-             Element root = doc.getRootElement();  
-               
-             root.setAttribute("name", "tsu");  
-               
-             boolean isRemoved = root.removeChildren("college");  
-             System.err.println(isRemoved);  
-               
-             Element newCollege = new Element("college");  
-             newCollege.setAttribute("name", "new_college");  
-             Element newClass = new Element("class");  
-             newClass.setAttribute("name", "ccccc");  
-             newCollege.addContent(newClass);  
-             root.addContent(newCollege);  
-             XMLOutputter out = new XMLOutputter();  
-             File file = new File("src/jdom-modify.xml");  
-             if (file.exists()) {  
-                 file.delete();  
-             }  
-             file.createNewFile();  
-             FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(file);  
-             out.output(doc, fos);  
-         } catch (JDOMException e) {  
-             e.printStackTrace();  
-         } catch (IOException e) {  
-             e.printStackTrace();  
-         }  
-     }  
-       
- }  
 package test.xml;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.util.List;
import org.jdom.Attribute;
import org.jdom.Document;
import org.jdom.Element;
import org.jdom.JDOMException;
import org.jdom.input.SAXBuilder;
import org.jdom.output.XMLOutputter;
/**
 * JDom读写xml
 * @author whwang
 */
public class TestJDom {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //read();
        write();
    }
    
    public static void read() {
        try {
            boolean validate = false;
            SAXBuilder builder = new SAXBuilder(validate);
            InputStream in = TestJDom.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("test.xml");
            Document doc = builder.build(in);
            // 获取根节点 <university>
            Element root = doc.getRootElement();
            readNode(root, "");
        } catch (JDOMException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static void readNode(Element root, String prefix) {
        if (root == null) return;
        // 获取属性
        List<Attribute> attrs = root.getAttributes();
        if (attrs != null && attrs.size() > 0) {
            System.err.print(prefix);
            for (Attribute attr : attrs) {
                System.err.print(attr.getValue() + " ");
            }
            System.err.println();
        }
        // 获取他的子节点
        List<Element> childNodes = root.getChildren();
        prefix += "\t";
        for (Element e : childNodes) {
            readNode(e, prefix);
        }
    }
    
    public static void write() {
        boolean validate = false;
        try {
            SAXBuilder builder = new SAXBuilder(validate);
            InputStream in = TestJDom.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("test.xml");
            Document doc = builder.build(in);
            // 获取根节点 <university>
            Element root = doc.getRootElement();
            // 修改属性
            root.setAttribute("name", "tsu");
            // 删除
            boolean isRemoved = root.removeChildren("college");
            System.err.println(isRemoved);
            // 新增
            Element newCollege = new Element("college");
            newCollege.setAttribute("name", "new_college");
            Element newClass = new Element("class");
            newClass.setAttribute("name", "ccccc");
            newCollege.addContent(newClass);
            root.addContent(newCollege);
            XMLOutputter out = new XMLOutputter();
            File file = new File("src/jdom-modify.xml");
            if (file.exists()) {
                file.delete();
            }
            file.createNewFile();
            FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(file);
            out.output(doc, fos);
        } catch (JDOMException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    
}4、【DOM4j】dom4j是目前在xml解析方面是最优秀的(Hibernate、Sun的JAXM也都使用dom4j来解析XML),它合并了许多超出基本 XML 文档表示的功能,包括集成的 XPath 支持、XML Schema 支持以及用于大文档或流化文档的基于事件的处理
示例代码:
package test.xml;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.util.List;
import org.dom4j.Attribute;
import org.dom4j.Document;
import org.dom4j.DocumentException;
import org.dom4j.DocumentHelper;
import org.dom4j.Element;
import org.dom4j.ProcessingInstruction;
import org.dom4j.VisitorSupport;
import org.dom4j.io.SAXReader;
import org.dom4j.io.XMLWriter;
/**
 * Dom4j读写xml
 * @author whwang
 */
public class TestDom4j {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        read1();
        //read2();
        //write();
    }
    public static void read1() {
        try {
            SAXReader reader = new SAXReader();
            InputStream in = TestDom4j.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("test.xml");
            Document doc = reader.read(in);
            Element root = doc.getRootElement();
            readNode(root, "");
        } catch (DocumentException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static void readNode(Element root, String prefix) {
        if (root == null) return;
        // 获取属性
        List<Attribute> attrs = root.attributes();
        if (attrs != null && attrs.size() > 0) {
            System.err.print(prefix);
            for (Attribute attr : attrs) {
                System.err.print(attr.getValue() + " ");
            }
            System.err.println();
        }
        // 获取他的子节点
        List<Element> childNodes = root.elements();
        prefix += "\t";
        for (Element e : childNodes) {
            readNode(e, prefix);
        }
    }
    
    public static void read2() {
        try {
            SAXReader reader = new SAXReader();
            InputStream in = TestDom4j.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("test.xml");
            Document doc = reader.read(in);
            doc.accept(new MyVistor());
        } catch (DocumentException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    
    public static void write() {
        try {
            // 创建一个xml文档
            Document doc = DocumentHelper.createDocument();
            Element university = doc.addElement("university");
            university.addAttribute("name", "tsu");
            // 注释
            university.addComment("这个是根节点");
            Element college = university.addElement("college");
            college.addAttribute("name", "cccccc");
            college.setText("text");
            
            File file = new File("src/dom4j-modify.xml");
            if (file.exists()) {
                file.delete();
            }
            file.createNewFile();
            XMLWriter out = new XMLWriter(new FileWriter(file));
            out.write(doc);
            out.flush();
            out.close();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}
class MyVistor extends VisitorSupport {
    public void visit(Attribute node) {
        System.out.println("Attibute: " + node.getName() + "="
                + node.getValue());
    }
    public void visit(Element node) {
        if (node.isTextOnly()) {
            System.out.println("Element: " + node.getName() + "="
                    + node.getText());
        } else {
            System.out.println(node.getName());
        }
    }
    @Override
    public void visit(ProcessingInstruction node) {
        System.out.println("PI:" + node.getTarget() + " " + node.getText());
    }
}
环境:AMD4400+ 2.0+GHz主频 JDK6.0
运行参数:-Xms400m -Xmx400m
xml文件大小:10.7M
结果:
DOM: >581297ms
SAX: 8829ms
JDOM: 581297ms
DOM4j: 5309ms
时间包括IO的,只是进行了简单的测试,
仅供参考!!!!
1、【DOM】DOM是基于树的结构,通常需要加载整文档和构造DOM树,然后才能开始工作。
优点:
    a、由于整棵树在内存中,因此可以对xml文档随机访问
    b、可以对xml文档进行修改操作
    c、较sax,dom使用也更简单。
缺点:
    a、整个文档必须一次性解析完
    a、由于整个文档都需要载入内存,对于大文档成本高
2、【SAX】SAX类似流媒体,它基于事件驱动的,因此无需将整个文档载入内存,使用者只需要监听自己感兴趣的事件即可。
优点:
    a、无需将整个xml文档载入内存,因此消耗内存少
    b、可以注册多个ContentHandler
缺点:
    a、不能随机的访问xml中的节点
    b、不能修改文档
3、【JDOM】JDOM是纯Java的处理XML的API,其API中大量使用Collections类,
优点:
    a、DOM方式的优点
    b、具有SAX的Java规则
缺点
    a、DOM方式的缺点
4、【DOM4J】这4中xml解析方式中,最优秀的一个,集易用和性能于一身。
XPath 是一门在 XML 文档中查找信息的语言, 可用来在 XML 文档中对元素和属性进行遍历。XPath 是 W3C XSLT 标准的主要元素,并且 XQuery 和 XPointer 同时被构建于 XPath 表达之上。因此,对 XPath 的理解是很多高级 XML 应用的基础。
XPath非常类似对数据库操作的SQL语言,或者说JQuery,它可以方便开发者抓起文档中需要的东西。(dom4j也支持xpath)
示例代码:
- package test.xml;  
-   
- import java.io.IOException;  
- import java.io.InputStream;  
-   
- import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilder;  
- import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;  
- import javax.xml.parsers.ParserConfigurationException;  
- import javax.xml.xpath.XPath;  
- import javax.xml.xpath.XPathConstants;  
- import javax.xml.xpath.XPathExpression;  
- import javax.xml.xpath.XPathExpressionException;  
- import javax.xml.xpath.XPathFactory;  
-   
- import org.w3c.dom.Document;  
- import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;  
- import org.xml.sax.SAXException;  
-   
- public class TestXPath {  
-   
-     public static void main(String[] args) {  
-         read();  
-     }  
-       
-     public static void read() {  
-         try {  
-             DocumentBuilderFactory dbf = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();  
-             DocumentBuilder builder = dbf.newDocumentBuilder();  
-             InputStream in = TestXPath.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("test.xml");  
-             Document doc = builder.parse(in);  
-             XPathFactory factory = XPathFactory.newInstance();  
-             XPath xpath = factory.newXPath();  
-               
-               
-             XPathExpression expr = xpath.compile("//class/@name");  
-             NodeList nodes = (NodeList) expr.evaluate(doc, XPathConstants.NODESET);  
-             for (int i = 0; i < nodes.getLength(); i++) {  
-                 System.out.println("name = " + nodes.item(i).getNodeValue());  
-                     }  
-         } catch (XPathExpressionException e) {  
-             e.printStackTrace();  
-         } catch (ParserConfigurationException e) {  
-             e.printStackTrace();  
-         } catch (SAXException e) {  
-             e.printStackTrace();  
-         } catch (IOException e) {  
-             e.printStackTrace();  
-         }  
-     }  
-       
- }  
 package test.xml;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilder;
import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;
import javax.xml.parsers.ParserConfigurationException;
import javax.xml.xpath.XPath;
import javax.xml.xpath.XPathConstants;
import javax.xml.xpath.XPathExpression;
import javax.xml.xpath.XPathExpressionException;
import javax.xml.xpath.XPathFactory;
import org.w3c.dom.Document;
import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;
import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
public class TestXPath {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        read();
    }
    
    public static void read() {
        try {
            DocumentBuilderFactory dbf = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
            DocumentBuilder builder = dbf.newDocumentBuilder();
            InputStream in = TestXPath.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("test.xml");
            Document doc = builder.parse(in);
            XPathFactory factory = XPathFactory.newInstance();
            XPath xpath = factory.newXPath();
            // 选取所有class元素的name属性
            // XPath语法介绍: http://w3school.com.cn/xpath/
            XPathExpression expr = xpath.compile("//class/@name");
            NodeList nodes = (NodeList) expr.evaluate(doc, XPathConstants.NODESET);
            for (int i = 0; i < nodes.getLength(); i++) {
                System.out.println("name = " + nodes.item(i).getNodeValue());
                    }
        } catch (XPathExpressionException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (ParserConfigurationException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (SAXException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    
}
六、【补充】
注意4种解析方法对TextNode(文本节点)的处理:
1、在使用DOM时,调用node.getChildNodes()获取该节点的子节点,文本节点也会被当作一个Node来返回,如:
 
- <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>  
- <university name="pku">  
-     <college name="c1">  
-         <class name="class1">  
-             <student name="stu1" sex='male' age="21" />  
-             <student name="stu2" sex='female' age="20" />  
-             <student name="stu3" sex='female' age="20" />  
-         </class>  
-     </college>  
- </university>  
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<university name="pku">
	<college name="c1">
		<class name="class1">
			<student name="stu1" sex='male' age="21" />
			<student name="stu2" sex='female' age="20" />
			<student name="stu3" sex='female' age="20" />
		</class>
	</college>
</university>
- package test.xml;  
-   
- import java.io.FileNotFoundException;  
- import java.io.IOException;  
- import java.io.InputStream;  
- import java.util.Arrays;  
-   
- import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilder;  
- import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;  
- import javax.xml.parsers.ParserConfigurationException;  
-   
- import org.w3c.dom.Document;  
- import org.w3c.dom.Element;  
- import org.w3c.dom.Node;  
- import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;  
- import org.xml.sax.SAXException;  
-   
-  
-  
-  
-   
- public class TestDom2 {  
-       
-     public static void main(String[] args) {  
-         read();  
-     }  
-       
-     public static void read() {  
-         DocumentBuilderFactory dbf = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();  
-         try {  
-             DocumentBuilder builder = dbf.newDocumentBuilder();  
-             InputStream in = TestDom2.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("test.xml");  
-             Document doc = builder.parse(in);  
-               
-             Element root = doc.getDocumentElement();  
-             if (root == null) return;  
-   
-               
-             NodeList collegeNodes = root.getChildNodes();  
-             if (collegeNodes == null) return;  
-             System.err.println("university子节点数:" + collegeNodes.getLength());  
-             System.err.println("子节点如下:");  
-             for(int i = 0; i < collegeNodes.getLength(); i++) {  
-                 Node college = collegeNodes.item(i);  
-                 if (college == null) continue;  
-                 if (college.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {  
-                     System.err.println("\t元素节点:" + college.getNodeName());  
-                 } else if (college.getNodeType() == Node.TEXT_NODE) {  
-                     System.err.println("\t文本节点:" + Arrays.toString(college.getTextContent().getBytes()));  
-                 }  
-             }  
-         } catch (ParserConfigurationException e) {  
-             e.printStackTrace();  
-         } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {  
-             e.printStackTrace();  
-         } catch (SAXException e) {  
-             e.printStackTrace();  
-         } catch (IOException e) {  
-             e.printStackTrace();  
-         }  
-           
-     }  
- }  
 package test.xml;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.util.Arrays;
import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilder;
import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;
import javax.xml.parsers.ParserConfigurationException;
import org.w3c.dom.Document;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;
import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;
import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
/**
 * dom读写xml
 * @author whwang
 */
public class TestDom2 {
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		read();
	}
	
	public static void read() {
		DocumentBuilderFactory dbf = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
		try {
			DocumentBuilder builder = dbf.newDocumentBuilder();
			InputStream in = TestDom2.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("test.xml");
			Document doc = builder.parse(in);
			// root <university>
			Element root = doc.getDocumentElement();
			if (root == null) return;
//			System.err.println(root.getAttribute("name"));
			// all college node
			NodeList collegeNodes = root.getChildNodes();
			if (collegeNodes == null) return;
			System.err.println("university子节点数:" + collegeNodes.getLength());
			System.err.println("子节点如下:");
			for(int i = 0; i < collegeNodes.getLength(); i++) {
				Node college = collegeNodes.item(i);
				if (college == null) continue;
				if (college.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
					System.err.println("\t元素节点:" + college.getNodeName());
				} else if (college.getNodeType() == Node.TEXT_NODE) {
					System.err.println("\t文本节点:" + Arrays.toString(college.getTextContent().getBytes()));
				}
			}
		} catch (ParserConfigurationException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		} catch (SAXException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		} catch (IOException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
		
	}
}
输出的结果是: 
 
 
- university子节点数:3  
- 子节点如下:  
-     文本节点:[10, 9]  
-     元素节点:college  
-     文本节点:[10]  
 university子节点数:3
子节点如下:
	文本节点:[10, 9]
	元素节点:college
	文本节点:[10]
其中\n的ASCII码为10,\t的ASCII码为9。结果让人大吃一惊,university的子节点数不是1,也不是2,而是3,这3个子节点都是谁呢?为了看得更清楚点,把xml文档改为:
 
 
- <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>  
- <university name="pku">11  
-     <college name="c1">  
-         <class name="class1">  
-             <student name="stu1" sex='male' age="21" />  
-             <student name="stu2" sex='female' age="20" />  
-             <student name="stu3" sex='female' age="20" />  
-         </class>  
-     </college>22  
- </university>  
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<university name="pku">11
	<college name="c1">
		<class name="class1">
			<student name="stu1" sex='male' age="21" />
			<student name="stu2" sex='female' age="20" />
			<student name="stu3" sex='female' age="20" />
		</class>
	</college>22
</university>
还是上面的程序,输出结果为: 
 
 
- university子节点数:3  
- 子节点如下:  
-     文本节点:[49, 49, 10, 9]  
-     元素节点:college  
-     文本节点:[50, 50, 10]  
 university子节点数:3
子节点如下:
	文本节点:[49, 49, 10, 9]
	元素节点:college
	文本节点:[50, 50, 10]
其中数字1的ASCII码为49,数字2的ASCII码为50。 
 
2、使用SAX来解析同DOM,当你重写它的public void characters(char[] ch, int start, int length)方法时,你就能看到。
3、JDOM,调用node.getChildren()只返回子节点,不包括TextNode节点(不管该节点是否有Text信息)。如果要获取该节点的Text信息,可以调用node.getText()方法,该方法返回节点的Text信息,也包括\n\t等特殊字符。
4、DOM4j同JDOM
参考:
http://www.docin.com/p-78963650.html
http://wenku.baidu.com/view/b091f9360b4c2e3f5727638b.html
http://kree.iteye.com/blog/668280
http://blog.csdn.net/smcwwh/article/details/7183869