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apache2自动启动脚本FOR RHEL AS4 U2

宋针还 — Wed, 12 Dec 2007 13:58:00 GMT

  1 #!/bin/bash
  2 #
  3 # httpd        Startup script for the Apache HTTP Server
  4 #
  5 # chkconfig: - 85 15
  6 # description: Apache is a World Wide Web server.  It is used to serve \
  7 #              HTML files and CGI.
  8 # processname: httpd
  9 # config: /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
10 # config: /etc/sysconfig/httpd
11 # pidfile: /var/run/httpd.pid
12
13 # Source function library.
14 . /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
15
16 if [ -f /etc/sysconfig/httpd ]; then
17         . /etc/sysconfig/httpd
18 fi
19
20 # Start httpd in the C locale by default.
21 HTTPD_LANG=${HTTPD_LANG-"C"}
22
23 # This will prevent initlog from swallowing up a pass-phrase prompt if
24 # mod_ssl needs a pass-phrase from the user.
25 INITLOG_ARGS=""
26
27 # Set HTTPD=/usr/sbin/httpd.worker in /etc/sysconfig/httpd to use a server
28 # with the thread-based "worker" MPM; BE WARNED that some modules may not
29 # work correctly with a thread-based MPM; notably PHP will refuse to start.
30
31 # Path to the apachectl script, server binary, and short-form for messages.
32 apachectl=/usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl
33 httpd=${HTTPD-/usr/local/apache2/bin/httpd}
34 prog=httpd
35 pidfile=${PIDFILE-/var/run/httpd.pid}
36 lockfile=${LOCKFILE-/var/lock/subsys/httpd}
37 RETVAL=0
38
39 # check for 1.3 configuration
40 check13 () {
41         CONFFILE=/usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf
42         GONE="(ServerType|BindAddress|Port|AddModule|ClearModuleList|"
43         GONE="${GONE}AgentLog|RefererLog|RefererIgnore|FancyIndexing|"
44         GONE="${GONE}AccessConfig|ResourceConfig)"
45         if LANG=C grep -Eiq "^[[:space:]]*($GONE)" $CONFFILE; then
46                 echo
47                 echo 1>&2 " Apache 1.3 configuration directives found"
48                 echo 1>&2 " please read /usr/share/doc/httpd-2.0.52/migration.html"
49                 failure "Apache 1.3 config directives test"
50                 echo
51                 exit 1
52         fi
53 }
54
55 # The semantics of these two functions differ from the way apachectl does
56 # things -- attempting to start while running is a failure, and shutdown
57 # when not running is also a failure.  So we just do it the way init scripts
58 # are expected to behave here.
59 start() {
60         echo -n $"Starting $prog: "
61         check13 || exit 1
62         LANG=$HTTPD_LANG daemon $httpd $OPTIONS
63         RETVAL=$?
64         echo
65         [ $RETVAL = 0 ] && touch ${lockfile}
66         return $RETVAL
67 }
68 stop() {
69         echo -n $"Stopping $prog: "
70         killproc $httpd
71         RETVAL=$?
72         echo
73         [ $RETVAL = 0 ] && rm -f ${lockfile} ${pidfile}
74 }
75 reload() {
76     echo -n $"Reloading $prog: "
77     if ! LANG=$HTTPD_LANG $httpd $OPTIONS -t >&/dev/null; then
78         RETVAL=$?
79         echo $"not reloading due to configuration syntax error"
80         failure $"not reloading $httpd due to configuration syntax error"
81     else
82         killproc $httpd -HUP
83         RETVAL=$?
84     fi
85     echo
86 }
87
88 # See how we were called.
89 case "$1" in
90   start)
91         start
92         ;;
93   stop)
94         stop
95         ;;
96   status)
97         status $httpd
98         RETVAL=$?
99         ;;
100   restart)
101         stop
102         start
103         ;;
104   condrestart)
105         if [ -f ${pidfile} ] ; then
106                 stop
107                 start
108         fi
109         ;;
110   reload)
111         reload
112         ;;
113   graceful|help|configtest|fullstatus)
114         $apachectl $@
115         RETVAL=$?
116         ;;
117   *)
118         echo $"Usage: $prog {start|stop|restart|condrestart|reload|status|fullstatus|graceful|help|configtest}"
119         exit 1
120 esac
121
122 exit $RETVAL

宋针还 2007-12-12 21:58 发表评论

找回ROOT密码

宋针还 — Mon, 10 Dec 2007 00:40:00 GMT

一. Freebsd
　　FreeBSD 4.7
　　当显示 boot ... 9 seconds按任意健
　　输入：boot -s
　　登录以后
　　#/sbin/mount -a
　　#passwd
　　输入新密码.
　　FreeBSD 5.*
　当要求选择启动模式时按4进入单用户模式登录以后
　　#/sbin/mount -a
　　#passwd
　　输入新密码.
　　二. Solaris
　　ROOT密码遗忘的处理方法
　　1,如果还能用普通用户登陆的话,%df /etc,确定包含/etc目录分区的设备名
　　%df /etc
　　/ /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0...
　　此例中是c0t0d0s0,如果你的根目录分区设备不一样的话,替换一下就可以啦
　　2,把系统盘插入cdrom中
　　3,出现提示符后,使用sync命令刷新文件系统
　　4,按下stop+A
　　5,ok状态下键入boot cdrom -s
　　6,在#提示符下键入mkdir /temp ,然后键入mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 /temp
　　如果出现挂接不上的情况时,那么就运行fsck先 fsck /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0,然后在mount
　　7,cd /temp/etc
　　8,cp shadow shadowbak
　　9,cat shadow
　　得到root的口令字符串
　　root:djglcj0J:6453::::(其中djglcj0J就是root的加密后的口令字符串)
　　10,sed s/djglcj0J// shadow>shadownew
11,cat shadownew查看是否已经变为
　　root::6453::::
　　12,cp shadownew shadow
　　13,cd /
　　unmount /temp
　　sync
　　shutdown -i0 -g0 -y
　　14,取出CD后,重起系统,这时root就不需要密码啦！
　　这样也可以！
　　OK boot cdrom -s
　　#TERM=sun
　　#export TERM
　　#mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 /a
　　#vi /a/etc/shadow(删除root的加密后的密码)
　　#reboot
　　三. SCO UNIX
　　一旦运行SCO UNIX 机器的超级用户口令忘了，可以用这个方法解决。
　　在另一台安装了SCO UNIX的机器上，以Root用户注册，进入系统，用 mkdev fd命令或命令scoadmin中的Filesystem之Floppy Filesystem Manager来制作应急启动盘，包括Boottable 盘和Root filesystem盘。
　　将上述制作的Root filesystem盘安装到硬盘上。
　　# mount /dev/fd0135ds18 /mnt
　　再将硬盘上的/etc/passwd 和/tcb/files/auth/r/root两个文件拷贝到Root filesystem盘上。
　　# cp /etc/passwd /mnt
　　# cp /tcb/files/auth/r/root /mnt
　　卸载机器1硬盘上的软盘。
　　# umount /dev/rfd0135ds18
　　用Boot软盘去启动遗忘口令的机器，根据提示插入Root filesystem软盘，待出现"#"时，进行下面操作，将硬盘挂到软盘上：
　　# mount /dev/hd0root /mnt
　　备份硬盘上的/etc/passwd和/tcb/files/auth/r/root两个文件。因为这两个文件中还包含其他用户的注册信息。
　　用Root filesystem软盘上的两个文件，覆盖硬盘上的两个文件/etc/passwd 和/tcb/files/auth/r/root。
　# mkdir /cyh
　　# mount /dev/fd0135ds18 /cyh
　　# cd /cyh
　　# cp passwd /mnt/etc
　　# cp root /mnt/tcb/files/auth
　　卸载安装上的两个文件系统。
　　# umount /dev/hd0root
　　# umount /dev/fd0135ds18
　　取出软盘，重新启动机器，待出现Login时，以Root用户注册，键入第二台机器的超级用户口令，这样便可进入的超级用户了。
　　进入超级用户后，用Passwd和Root这两个文件的备份覆盖原来的文件，接着用passwd命令修改超级用户的口令。
　　用户可以用Alt+F2换一个窗口，以Root注册，现在用修改后的口令就能用了。
　　四. AIX 4.3.3(IBM) RS/6000
　　将第一张安装盘放入光驱，重起机器，按f5键，终端按5，进入maintance页面，选择mount rootvg的功能选项，调用password修改口令，退出即可
　　五. Linux
　　三种办法：
　　1.在系统进入单用户状态，直接用passwd root去更改
　　2.用安装光盘引导系统，进行linux rescue状态，将原来/分区挂接上来,作法如下：
　　cd /mnt
　　mkdir hd
　　mount -t auto /dev/hdaX(原来/分区所在的分区号) hd
　　cd hd
　　chroot ./
　　passwd root
　　这样可以搞定
　　3.将本机的硬盘拿下来，挂到其他的linux系统上，采用的办法与第二种相同
六. RedHat 8/RedHat9
　　（1）. lilo法
　　1. 在出现 lilo: 提示时键入 linux single
　　画面显示 lilo: linux single
　　2. 回车可直接进入linux命令行
　　3. #vi /etc/shadow
　　将第一行，即以root开头的一行中root:后和下一个:前的内容删除，
　　第一行将类似于
　　root::......
　　保存
　　4. #reboot重启，root密码为空
　　（2）. grub法
　　1. 在出现grub画面时，用上下键选中你平时启动linux的那一项(别选dos哟)，然后按e键
　　2. 再次用上下键选中你平时启动linux的那一项(类似于kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.4.18-14 ro root=LABEL=/)，然后按e键
　　3. 修改你现在见到的命令行，加入single，结果如下：
　　kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.4.18-14 single ro root=LABEL=/
　　4. 回车返回，然后按b键启动，即可直接进入linux命令行
　　5. #vi /etc/shadow
　　将第一行，即以root开头的一行中root:后和下一个:前的内容删除，
　　第一行将类似于
　　root::......
　　保存
　　6. #reboot重启，root密码为空
　　7.HP-UX
　　启动时按esc 进入isl
　　进入ISL后：
　　isl>bo pri
　　(yes/no)y
　　ipl>hpux -is
　　ipl>vi /etc/passwd
　　去掉root 的密码即可

宋针还 2007-12-10 08:40 发表评论

Solaris安装和基本配置

宋针还 — Sat, 08 Dec 2007 11:16:00 GMT

下载:
从这个网址（http://www.sun.com/software/solaris/get.jsp）可以下载最新的Solaris 10 3/05 for x64/x86的光盘。上去一看，有好多光盘啊，我下载了下面五张：
Solaris 10 3/05 CD 1
Solaris 10 3/05 CD 2
Solaris 10 3/05 CD 3
Solaris 10 3/05 CD 4
Solaris 10 3/05 Language CD
下载完Solaris 10 的光盘, 粗粗地看了一下其中的内容。第一张盘主要是Solaris 系统基本软件，第二张有许多和gnome相关的包，第三张主要是staroffice, 第四张包含了许多open source的软件如Apache/Ant/Python/TCL/mysql等等。

安装准备：
笔者还是喜欢用Linux 的分区工具，通过使用http://gceclub.sun.com.cn/NASApp/sme/jive/thread.jsp?GXHC_JSESSIONID=-2089798192477626027&GXHC_jive.user.lastvisited=1107746952510&forum=14&thread=6819 描述
的方法做了分区。我把自己60G的硬盘分为4个区，
名称内容类型大小文件系统描述
/dev/hda1 Win->C: Primary 10G NTFS Windows XP
/dev/hda2 Ext Ext 25G --- 扩展分区
/dev/hda3 Linux Primary 10G EXT3 Linux
/dev/hda4 Solaris Primary 11.5G Solaris Solaris x86 partition
/dev/hda5 数据分区 Logical 12G FAT32 所有操作系统共享
/dev/hda6 数据分区 Logical 12G FAT32 所有操作系统共享
/dev/hda7 linux swap Logical 1G swap Linux swap,

其中第四个主分区ID配成了0x82 (Solaris 分区), 大小为12G, 然后把自己下载的文件都先解成.iso文件并放在/dev/hda5分区下,这个分区在Windows下面是D盘.

安装:
笔者比较吝啬，一看要刻那么多盘，不干了。决定试试只刻第一张盘的方法。刻好第一张盘，把BIOS设为光盘启动，然后从光盘启动。非常顺利地看到了Solaris 的启动界面：
SunOS Secondary Boot Version 4.02, 然后等待Initializing System... 选1。 Solaris Interactive, 继续等待. Configuring devices 那一步比较慢。

经过几分钟的等待后就看到系统自己认识了我的Intel Pro/100 VE 网卡 iprb0，接着又看到系统自己认识了我的显卡(Nvidia Gefore 4 420)、键盘和鼠标等，非常高兴!
要知道，在Solaris 9安装的时候，我可是费了好大的劲才配上显卡网卡的啊。(请参见
http://gceclub.sun.com.cn/NASApp/sme/jive/thread.jsp?GXHC_JSESSIONID=-2089798192477626027&GXHC_jive.user.lastvisited=1107746952510&forum=14&thread=6681)

接着就开始配置了。我选的是用简体中文安装，接下来配置网络、地域、时间、Root口令等，非常简单，这里我就不多说了。接下来我选择软件自动重新引导和自动弹出CD,
第一张盘安装的介质我选择了CD, 后面的几张盘我都是选择了网络文件系统。接收License Agreement后选择了初始安装、自定义安装，选择了所有的中文的软件包并且把默认语言环境设为中文的GB18030, 没有选择任何附加产品，然后选择整个群组/缺省包，选择磁盘上的Solaris分区，选择不保留数据，在分布文件系统时，因为是个人机器, 我只配了/ 和swap 两个文件系统

我的文件系统如下
/ 10G
swap 1.5G
接着就开始安装了。

当第一张盘安装结束后，要注意在重启过程中取出第一张光盘，否则机器又会从光盘启动。当系统提示第二张光盘的位置时，我选择了网络文件系统(目的是节约几张光盘)。
前面讲到，我的Solaris 10光盘ISO文件在/dev/hda5下面，也就是Windows下的D盘，是FAT32的文件系统。我的做法是，先打开一个Terminal，然后把这个FAT32的磁盘mount 到Solaris下，最后通过lofiadm/mount命令把ISO文件 mount到Solaris下面。做法如下：
1. 把FAT32的光盘mount到Solaris下面：
首先建立目的目录，我打算把/dev/hda5 mount到/wind, /dev/hda6 mount到/wine. 所以，运行# mkdir /wind #mkdir /wine.
接着/dev/dsk, ls 看到c0d0p0到c0d0p4, 这里c0d0p2就对应前面分区表中的/dev/hda2了，也就是那个扩展分区，里面包含了两个FAT32的logical-drive /dev/hda5和/dev/hda6。
在Solaris 里面用device-name和logical-drive分别对应主分区和逻辑分区。这里扩展分区的device-name是c0d0p2，/dev/hda5逻辑分区的logical-drive 可以用c 或者数字1来表示。 /dev/hda6的logical-drive是d 或者数字2。弄清楚了这些命令就简单了。
#mount -F pcfs /dev/dsk/c0d0p2:c /wind
#mount -F pcfs /dev/dsk/c0d0p2:d /wine
当然，要记住在/etc/vfstab里面加入下面两行，以便系统重新启动时能把FAT32的分区自动mount上
/dev/dsk/c0d0p2:c /dev/rdsk/c0d0p2:c /wind pcfs 2 yes -
/dev/dsk/c0d0p2:d /dev/rdsk/c0d0p2:d /wine pcfs 3 yes -

参考文档：
System Administration Guide: Devices and File Systems (http://docs.sun.com/app/docs/doc/817-5093)
ch. 18. Mounting and Unmounting File Systems, Page 306, x86: How to Mount a PCFS (DOS) File System From a Hard Disk

2. 用lofiadm/mount命令做虚拟光驱
在Windows上有很多虚拟光驱程序，如Daemon, Virtual CD等，可以把.iso文件虚拟成光驱。在Solaris下，我们用lofiadm命令。方法如下:
# lofiadm -a /wind/solaris10/sol-10-GA-x86-v2-iso.iso 把.iso文件export为块设备，参数-a 表示add, 这个命令的output是/dev/lofi/1。这样我们就可以把设备/dev/lofi/1 mount到文件系统了
# mount -F hsfs -o ro /dev/lofi/1 /mnt 把/dev/lofi/1 mount到/mnt

然后#cd /mnt, 看到mount成功后，里面有了光盘上的内容，再回到安装界面，在路径里面输入/mnt，然后就能顺利安装了。接下来要装第三张盘的时候，同样到Terminal去，
# umount /mnt 用来unmount, 这个不用我多说了
# lofiadm -d /dev/lofi/1
接着对照第二张盘的命令来安装第三、第四张盘和语言包。
装完后，系统会提示重新启动。重启后，有CDE和JDS3两种桌面可供选择，我选择进入Java Desktop System 3的界面。

大功告成！整个过程花了我将近2.5小时的时间。其中觉得第四张盘耗的时间最长。另外觉得JDS 3的桌面很漂亮也很方便使用。

基本配置：
1. 1400x1050分辨率的设置
我的笔记本分辨率是1400x1050的，而Solaris 10起来后默认使用的是1280x1024的，看起来有点模糊。查了一些文档，知道需要新建一个文件/etc/X11/xorg.conf。下面是我的/etc/X11/xorg.conf的内容。
[/etc/X11/xorg.conf]

Section "ServerLayout"
Identifier "X.org Configured"
Screen 0 "Screen0" 0 0
InputDevice "Mouse0" "CorePointer"
InputDevice "Keyboard0" "CoreKeyboard"
EndSection

Section "ServerFlags"
Option "HandleSpecialKeys" "Always"
EndSection

Section "Files"
RgbPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/rgb"
ModulePath "/usr/X11R6/lib/modules"
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/TrueType/"
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/"
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/sun/"
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/F3bitmaps/"
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc/"
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/100dpi/"
FontPath "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi/"
EndSection

Section "Module"
Load "dbe"
Load "extmod"
Load "record"
Load "xtrap"
Load "bitstream"
Load "speedo"
Load "type1"
EndSection

Section "InputDevice"
Identifier "Keyboard0"
Driver "keyboard"
EndSection

Section "InputDevice"
Identifier "Mouse0"
Driver "mouse"
Option "Protocol" "auto"
Option "Device" "/dev/mouse"
EndSection

Section "InputDevice"
Identifier "Mouse1"
Driver "mouse"
Option "Protocol" "IMPS/2"
Option "Device" "/dev/kdmouse"
Option "SendCoreEvents"
EndSection

Section "Monitor"
Identifier "Monitor0"
VendorName "Monitor Vendor"
ModelName "Monitor Model"
HorizSync 28.0-70.0
VertRefresh 55.0-100.0
DisplaySize 288 216
EndSection

Section "Device"
### Available Driver options are:-
### Values: : integer, : float, : "True"/"False",
### : "String", : " Hz/kHz/MHz"
### [arg]: arg optional
#Option "SWcursor" # []
#Option "HWcursor" # []
#Option "NoAccel" # []
#Option "ShadowFB" # []
#Option "UseFBDev" # []
#Option "Rotate" # []
#Option "VideoKey" #
Option "FlatPanel" # []
#Option "FPDither" # []
#Option "CrtcNumber" #
Option "MergedFB" "true" # []
Option "CRT2HSync" "31-60" # []
Option "CRT2VRefresh" "50-75" # []
Option "CRT2Position" "Clone" # []
Option "MeataModes" "1400x1050-1024x768 1280x1024-1024x768 1024x768-1024x768 800x600-800x600 640x480-640x480"
Identifier "Card0"
Driver "nv"
VendorName "nVidia Corporation"
BoardName "NV17 [GeForce4 420 Go]"
BusID "PCI:1:0:0"
EndSection

Section "Screen"
Identifier "Screen0"
Device "Card0"
Monitor "Monitor0"
SubSection "Display"
Viewport 0 0
Depth 24
Modes "1400x1050" "1280x1024" "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480"
EndSubSection
EndSection

[End of /etc/X11/xorg.conf]

注意，我加入了
Section "ServerFlags"
Option "HandleSpecialKeys" "Always"
EndSection
这样在Xorg的XServer 碰到问题时，我就可以按"Alt + Ctrl + BkSp" 重新启动xserver了，非常方便。
另外我还根据我的实际情况到启动->首选项->桌面首先项->显示下面更改了很多东西，这里我就不一一描述了。其中比较重要的一个是为了把字体改大，我选择了字体->细节->分辨率，把每英寸点数从96改为120，解决了1400x1050分辨率下字很小的问题。

2. DHCP Client配置
我公司里用的是DHCP，但问题是DHCP Server给我分配的主机名老是dhcp-12什么的，而且会变动，对于装JES什么的特别不方便。于是我修改了
/etc/default/dhcpagent，把最后一行从PARAM_REQUEST_LIST=1,3,6,12,15,28,43 改为PARAM_REQUEST_LIST=1,3,6,15,28,43。
去掉了选项hostname(12)。这个大家可以看注释。另外就是加入新文件/etc/nodename, 里面的内容是自己喜欢的主机名。我用的是lap1。

3. 默认权限的配置
系统默认是采用安全的方案，但我的机器上面没有什么非常重要的数据，而且经常需要用root用户进行ssh,telnet,ftp等，而这些系统默认都不允许。
没办法，手工改啦。
ssh:
/etc/ssh/sshd_config, 把PermitRootLogin改为yes。另外我曾经出现不能正常启动ssh service的情况。原因是没有在/etc/ssh下面自动生成
ssh_host_rsa_key
ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
ssh_host_dsa_key
ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
等key文件，最后我手工生成了这些文件，解决了这个问题：
＃ ssh-keygen -b 1024 -t rsa1 -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key -N ""
＃ ssh-keygen -b 1024 -t rsa -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key -N ""
＃ ssh-keygen -b 1024 -t dsa -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key -N ""

telnet:
简单，修改文件/etc/default/login，把行CONSOLE=/dev/console注释掉，就可以用root用户telnet上来了
ftp:
只要修改/etc/ftpd/ftpusers，把root用户注释掉就可以用root用户进行ftp了。

4. 默认shell的配置。
系统默认使用的是/sbin/sh，但我喜欢使用更流行的bash, 于是修改/etc/passwd，把第一行从root:x:0:0:Super-User:/:/sbin/sh 改为root:x:0:0:Super-User:/:/bin/bash，重新登陆后发现默认shell成功更改。据说这个做法不是特别安全，但我还是喜欢这么做。

5. 打印机的配置。
在Solaris 10的JDS桌面下安装打印机比较简单，只要通过启动->首选项->系统首选项->添加/删除打印机就行了。在图形界面里选择打印机->新的附加打印机或者新的网络打印机，通过图形界面就可以很简单配好打印机。

本文转自:http://gceclub.sun.com.cn/NASApp/sme/jive/thread.jsp

宋针还 2007-12-08 19:16 发表评论

Solaris10中新的Dtrace工具

宋针还 — Thu, 06 Dec 2007 11:55:00 GMT

DTrace即动态跟踪Dynamic Tracing，是Solaris 10的一个新功能，透过此一新功能，用户能够动态检测操作系统内核和用户进程，以更精确地掌握系统的资源使用状况，提高系统性能，减少支持成本，并进行有效的调节。1997年，供职于Sun而现已是Solaris内核开发部高级工程师的Bryan Cantrill 与他的工作组在紧张地研究一个性能问题，它出现在刚刚提及的Sun E10000服务器。该服务器在运行基准测试时，速度突然在一段时间内奇怪地降低。工作组经过六天夜以继日的工作后，终于发现了问题的根本原因。某个“愚蠢之极”的配置错误将服务器配置成了路由器。

“我很受震惊，”Cantrill 说到， “这是任何一个客户都可能遇到的问题，但是他们可不敢奢望让内核开发人员为之夜以继日地工作，编写自定义代码以弄清楚问题。我们得找出一个更好的方法。”
经过两年半的紧张开发，Cantrill和他的工作组终于研究出了这个更好的方法： Dtrace
DTrace是过去十年中在操作系统方面最具意义的革新之一:
Probe，Solaris中分散着30,000多的位置指针，也叫探测器probes，DTrace可激活成千上万的探测器，记录所关注的位置指定的数据，如命中，即可从该地址显示用户进程或系统内核的数据，从而了解系统，包括：
1。任何函数的参数
2。内核的任何全局变量
3。函数调用的时间（NS，十亿分之一秒，无任何其它PC/Unix在ns一级精度）
4。跟踪堆栈，包括指明函数调用的代码
5。函数调用时运行的进程
6。产生函数调用的线程
Probe于自定义D语言程序相关联，probe表示的格式为：
provider:module:function:name
1。显示当前动态系统中的动态Dtrace探针probe:
# dtrace -l |more
   ID   PROVIDER            MODULE                          FUNCTION NAME
    1     dtrace                                                     BEGIN
    2     dtrace                                                     END
    3     dtrace                                                     ERROR
    4     vminfo          fasttrap                   fasttrap_uwrite softlock
    5     vminfo          fasttrap                    fasttrap_uread softlock
    6        fbt              pool                         pool_open entry
    7        fbt              pool                         pool_open return
    8        fbt              pool                        pool_close entry
    9        fbt              pool                        pool_close return
   10        fbt              pool                        pool_ioctl entry
   11        fbt              pool                        pool_ioctl return
   12        fbt              pool                         pool_info entry
   13        fbt              pool                         pool_info return
。。。
43545        fbt              zmod                        z_strerror return
43546        fbt              zmod                      z_uncompress entry
43547        fbt              zmod                      z_uncompress return
即当前本人V210上有43547个probe。
2。体验 dtrace 与 Unix ps 命令：
如用ps看mozilla进程：
# ps -e |grep mozilla
2386 pts/11      0:00 mozilla
2436 pts/11     10:12 mozilla-
也可使用dtrace 通过probe探针看：
# dtrace -n 'syscall::exece:return { trace(execname);}'
dtrace: description 'syscall::exece:return ' matched 1 probe
CPU     ID                    FUNCTION:NAME
0 11082                     exece:return   uname
0 11082                     exece:return   uname
0 11082                     exece:return   basename
。。。
0 11082                     exece:return   sed
0 11082                     exece:return   mozilla-bin
1 11082                     exece:return   csh
1 11082                     exece:return   mozilla
。。。
2。实际dtrace看的更细，
如用date显示系统时间，很快就结束了，无法跟踪，体验dtrace跟踪效果：
% date
2005年05月24日星期二 20时39分03秒 CST
# dtrace -n 'syscall::exece: {trace(timestamp)}'
ddtrace: description 'syscall::exece: ' matched 2 probes
CPU     ID                    FUNCTION:NAME
0 11081                      exece:entry   102890531281542
0 11082                     exece:return   102890532181875
即可跟踪其在第102890531281542纳秒开始读取，第102890532181875返回结果。
3。体验Dtrace 对系统调用更多的观察：
如看机器忙闲状态，常用vmstat:
# vmstat 1
kthr      memory            page            disk          faults      cpu
r b w   swap free re mf pi po fr de sr s0 s3 s1 s1   in   sy   cs us sy id
0 0 0 5523680 1378352 14 48 84 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 341 2058 883 3 1 96
0 0 0 5368296 1218688 0 23 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 336 2605 722 10 1 89

得知产生2605多系统调用，但无和简单查找哪个进程的问题呢，试用dtrace看：
# dtrace -n 'syscall::read:entry {@NUM[execname] = count();}'
ddtrace: description 'syscall::read:entry ' matched 1 probe
^C
  dtfile                                                            5
sdtperfmeter                                                     12
soffice.bin                                                      23
dic                                                              23
dtterm                                                           53
mozilla-bin                                                     394
Xsun                                                            545
显然发现CDE和Mozilla是产生大量系统调用的程序，看I/O分布也可：
如还是Mozilla:
# dtrace -n 'syscall::write:entry {@NUM[execname] = quantize(arg2);}'
...
mozilla-bin
           value ------------- Distribution ------------- count
               0 |                                         0
               1 |@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@                    470
               2 |                                         0
               4 |                                         7
               8 |                                         0
              16 |                                         0
              32 |                                         0
              64 |                                         0
             128 |                                         10
             256 |@@@@@@@@                                 184
             512 |@@@@@@                                   146
            1024 |@@@                                      78
            2048 |                                         8
            4096 |                                         1
            8192 |                                         0
...
可观察到大量Mozilla产生的I/O在256-512字节间。
4。想再仔细看程序内部情况？
truss不错：
# truss /usr/sfw/bin/mozilla
execve("/usr/bin/ksh", 0xFFBFF564, 0xFFBFF574) argc = 3
resolvepath("/usr/bin/ksh", "/usr/bin/ksh", 1023) = 12
resolvepath("/usr/lib/ld.so.1", "/lib/ld.so.1", 1023) = 12
stat("/usr/bin/ksh", 0xFFBFF340)                = 0
open("/var/ld/ld.config", O_RDONLY)             Err#2 ENOENT
stat("/lib/libc.so.1", 0xFFBFEE70)              = 0
resolvepath("/lib/libc.so.1", "/lib/libc.so.1", 1023) = 14
open("/lib/libc.so.1", O_RDONLY)                = 3
mmap(0x00010000, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ALIGN, 3, 。。。
试下dtrace:
# dtrace -n 'syscall::read:return /execname =="mozilla" /{ ustack();}'
dtrace: description 'syscall::read:return ' matched 1 probe
CPU     ID                    FUNCTION:NAME
0 10984                      read:return
              libc.so.1`_read+0x8
              ksh`io_readbuff+0x264
              ksh`0x245e4
              ksh`io_readc+0x2c
              ksh`0x29c54
              ksh`main+0xa30
              ksh`_start+0x108
0 10984                      read:return
              libc.so.1`_read+0x8
              ksh`io_readbuff+0x264
              ksh`0x245e4
              ksh`io_readc+0x2c
              ksh`0x28938
              ksh`0x28654
...
看到n多调用，开始和返回，够开发人员分析的。
        总结，Dtrace功能强大，精度高，轻量，truss有时降低系统30％CPU利用率。但复杂，需对系统内核和应用熟悉，否则看不懂跟踪到的数据，估计以后CU该开Dtrace编程板块了。

宋针还 2007-12-06 19:55 发表评论

SOLARIS10一些设置

宋针还 — Thu, 06 Dec 2007 11:49:00 GMT
1，进入控制台
Sun Microsystems Inc.   SunOS 5.10      Generic January 2005
You have new mail.
# /usr/X11/bin/xorgconfig

2，显示：
This program will create a basic xorg.conf file, based on menu selections
you make. This program will ask for a pathname when it is ready to write
the file.

The xorg.conf file usually resides in /etc/X11. If no xorg.conf file
is present there, Xorg will probe the system to autoconfigure itself.
You can run Xorg -configure to generate a xorg.conf file based on
the results of autoconfiguration, or let this program produce a base
xorg.conf file for your configuration and fine-tune it.

Before continuing with this program, make sure you know what video card
you have, and preferably also the chipset it uses and the amount of video
memory on your video card, as well as the specifications of your monitor.

Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort.

3，我们ENTER
First specify a mouse protocol type. Choose one from the following list:

1. Auto
2. VUID
3. SysMouse
4. MouseSystems
5. PS/2
6. Microsoft
7. Busmouse
8. IMPS/2
9. ExplorerPS/2
10. GlidePointPS/2
11. MouseManPlusPS/2
12. NetMousePS/2
13. NetScrollPS/2
14. ThinkingMousePS/2

The recommended protocol is Auto. If you have a very old mouse
or don't want OS support or auto detection, and you have a two-button
or three-button serial mouse, it is most likely of type Microsoft.

Enter a protocol number:

4，选择鼠标的种类，这里我们选5，PS2

If your mouse has only two buttons, it is recommended that you enable
Emulate3Buttons.

Please answer the following question with either 'y' or 'n'.
Do you want to enable Emulate3Buttons?

5，要不要用鼠标的第三个键，废话当然用

Now give the full device name that the mouse is connected to, for example
/dev/tty00. Just pressing enter will use the default, /dev/kdmouse.

Mouse device:

6，鼠标的设备名，用默认的。

Please select one of the following keyboard types that is the better
description of your keyboard. If nothing really matches,
choose 1 (Generic 101-key PC)

1 Sun Type 6 USB
2 Sun Type 6 USB (European layout)
3 Sun Type 6 USB (Japanese layout)
4 Sun Type 6 USB (Unix layout)
5 Generic 101-key PC
6 Generic 102-key (Intl) PC
7 Generic 104-key PC
8 Generic 105-key (Intl) PC
9 Sun Type 4
10 Sun Type 4 (Canadian layout)
11 Sun Type 4 (Japanese layout)
12 Sun Type 4 (European layout)
13 Sun Type 5
14 Sun Type 5 (European layout)
15 Sun Type 5 (Japanese layout)
16 Sun Type 5 (Unix layout)

Enter a number to choose the keyboard.

7，选择键盘的类型，现在没烂键盘了吧。选7

1 U.S. English
2 U.S. English w/ ISO9995-3
3 U.S. English w/ deadkeys
4 Albanian
5 Arabic
6 Armenian
7 Azerbaijani
8 Belarusian
9 Belgian
10 Bengali
11 Bosnian
12 Brazilian
13 Bulgarian
14 Burmese
15 Canadian
16 French Canadian
17 Croatian
18 Croatian (US)

Enter a number to choose the country.
Press enter for the next page

8，语言用第一个，US

Please enter a variant name for 'us' layout. Or just press enter
for default variant

9，回车用默认的。

Please answer the following question with either 'y' or 'n'.
Do you want to select additional XKB options (group switcher,
group indicator, etc.)?

10，接下来是功能健的设置。我们选Y进去看看

1 Right Alt key switches group while pressed
2 Left Alt key switches group while pressed
3 Left Win-key switches group while pressed
4 Right Win-key switches group while pressed
5 Both Win-keys switch group while pressed
6 Right Alt key changes group
7 Left Alt key changes group
8 Caps Lock key changes group
9 Shift+CapsLock changes group
10 Both Shift keys together change group
11 Both Alt keys together change group
12 Both Ctrl keys together change group
13 Control+Shift changes group
14 Alt+Control changes group
15 Alt+Shift changes group
16 Menu key changes group
17 Left Win-key changes group
18 Right Win-key changes group
19 Left Shift key changes group
20 Right Shift key changes group
21 Left Ctrl key changes group
22 Right Ctrl key changes group

Please select the option or just press enter if none

11，根据自己的喜好随意设置吧，不过应该没人会动吧

   Third level choosers

1 Press Right Control to choose 3rd level
2 Press Left Alt key to choose 3rd level
3 Press Right Alt key to choose 3rd level
4 Press any of Alt keys to choose 3rd level
5 Press Menu key to choose 3rd level
6 Press any of Win-keys to choose 3rd level
7 Press Left Win-key to choose 3rd level
8 Press Right Win-key to choose 3rd level

Please select the option or just press enter if none

12，默认回车

   Control Key Position

1 Make CapsLock an additional Control
2 Swap Control and Caps Lock
3 Control key at left of 'A'
4 Control key at bottom left
5 Right Control key works as Right Alt

Please select the option or just press enter if none

13，随意

   Use keyboard LED to show alternative group

1 Num_Lock LED shows alternative group
2 Caps_Lock LED shows alternative group
3 Scroll_Lock LED shows alternative group

Please select the option or just press enter if none

14，三个LED灯的设置

   CapsLock key behavior

1 uses internal capitalization. Shift cancels Caps.
2 uses internal capitalization. Shift doesn't cancel Caps.
3 acts as Shift with locking. Shift cancels Caps.
4 acts as Shift with locking. Shift doesn't cancel Caps.

Please select the option or just press enter if none

15，大写字母锁定键指示灯的设置

   Alt/Win key behavior

1 Add the standard behavior to Menu key.
2 Alt and Meta on the Alt keys (default).
3 Meta is mapped to the Win-keys.
4 Meta is mapped to the left Win-key.
5 Super is mapped to the Win-keys (default).
6 Hyper is mapped to the Win-keys.
7 Right Alt is Compose
8 Right Win-key is Compose
9 Menu is Compose
10 Kana Lock key is locking
11 Shift with numpad keys works as in MS Windows.
12 Special keys (Ctrl+Alt+) handled in a server.

Please select the option or just press enter if none

16，ALT+WIN键的设置。

Now we want to set the specifications of the monitor. The two critical
parameters are the vertical refresh rate, which is the rate at which the
the whole screen is refreshed, and most importantly the horizontal sync rate,
which is the rate at which scanlines are displayed.

The valid range for horizontal sync and vertical sync should be documented
in the manual of your monitor. If in doubt, check the monitor database
/usr/X11/share/doc/Monitors to see if your monitor is there.

Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort.

17，检查显卡的数据库，回车

You must indicate the horizontal sync range of your monitor. You can either
select one of the predefined ranges below that correspond to industry-
standard monitor types, or give a specific range.

It is VERY IMPORTANT that you do not specify a monitor type with a horizontal
sync range that is beyond the capabilities of your monitor. If in doubt,
choose a conservative setting.

    hsync in kHz; monitor type with characteristic modes
1 31.5; Standard VGA, 640x480 @ 60 Hz
2 31.5 - 35.1; Super VGA, 800x600 @ 56 Hz
3 31.5, 35.5; 8514 Compatible, 1024x768 @ 87 Hz interlaced (no 800x600)
4 31.5, 35.15, 35.5; Super VGA, 1024x768 @ 87 Hz interlaced, 800x600 @ 56 Hz
5 31.5 - 37.9; Extended Super VGA, 800x600 @ 60 Hz, 640x480 @ 72 Hz
6 31.5 - 48.5; Non-Interlaced SVGA, 1024x768 @ 60 Hz, 800x600 @ 72 Hz
7 31.5 - 57.0; High Frequency SVGA, 1024x768 @ 70 Hz
8 31.5 - 64.3; Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 60 Hz
9 31.5 - 79.0; Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 74 Hz
10 31.5 - 82.0; Monitor that can do 1280x1024 @ 76 Hz
11 Enter your own horizontal sync range

Enter your choice (1-11):

18，我选7，文献也是这样选的

You must indicate the vertical sync range of your monitor. You can either
select one of the predefined ranges below that correspond to industry-
standard monitor types, or give a specific range. For interlaced modes,
the number that counts is the high one (e.g. 87 Hz rather than 43 Hz).

1 50-70
2 50-90
3 50-100
4 40-150
5 Enter your own vertical sync range

Enter your choice:

19，选2

You must now enter a few identification/description strings, namely an
identifier, a vendor name, and a model name. Just pressing enter will fill
in default names.

The strings are free-form, spaces are allowed.
Enter an identifier for your monitor definition:

20，用默认的吧

Now we must configure video card specific settings. At this point you can
choose to make a selection out of a database of video card definitions.
Because there can be variation in Ramdacs and clock generators even
between cards of the same model, it is not sensible to blindly copy
the settings (e.g. a Device section). For this reason, after you make a
selection, you will still be asked about the components of the card, with
the settings from the chosen database entry presented as a strong hint.

The database entries include information about the chipset, what driver to
run, the Ramdac and ClockChip, and comments that will be included in the
Device section. However, a lot of definitions only hint about what driver
to run (based on the chipset the card uses) and are untested.

If you can't find your card in the database, there's nothing to worry about.
You should only choose a database entry that is exactly the same model as
your card; choosing one that looks similar is just a bad idea (e.g. a
GemStone Snail 64 may be as different from a GemStone Snail 64+ in terms of
hardware as can be).

Do you want to look at the card database?

21，是否要看显卡的数据库？文献税这里键入Y和YES是不一样的结果，我看一样。。。

0 * Generic VESA compatible                         -
1 * Generic VGA compatible                          -
2 * Unsupported VGA compatible                      -
3 ** 3DLabs, TI (generic)               [glint]     -
4 ** 3Dfx (generic)                     [tdfx]      -
5 ** ATI (generic)                      [ati]       -
6 ** ATI Radeon (generic)               [radeon]    -
7 ** ATI Rage 128 based (generic)       [r128]      -
8 ** Alliance Pro Motion (generic)      [apm]       -
9 ** Ark Logic (generic)                [ark]       -
10 ** Chips and Technologies (generic)   [chips]     -
11 ** Cirrus Logic (generic)             [cirrus]    -
12 ** Cyrix MediaGX (generic)            [cyrix]     -
13 ** DEC TGA (generic)                  [tga]       -
14 ** Intel i740 (generic)               [i740]      -
15 ** Intel i810 (generic)               [i810]      -
16 ** Linux framebuffer (generic)        [fbdev]     -
17 ** Matrox Graphics (generic)          [mga]       -

Enter a number to choose the corresponding card definition.
Press enter for the next page, q to continue configuration.

22，因为我在虚拟机里这页没有，回车下一页，如果是实体安装，就要选择相应的显卡

18 ** NVIDIA (generic)                   [nv]        -
19 ** NeoMagic (generic)                 [neomagic] -
20 ** Number Nine I128 (generic)         [i128]      -
21 ** Rendition (generic)                [rendition] -
22 ** S3 (not ViRGE or Savage) (generic) [s3]        -
23 ** S3 Savage (generic)                [savage]    -
24 ** S3 ViRGE (generic)                 [s3virge]   -
25 ** SiS (generic)                      [sis]       -
26 ** Silicon Motion (generic)           [siliconmotion]-
27 ** Trident (generic)                  [trident]   -
28 ** Tseng Labs (generic)               [tseng]     -
29 ** VMWare guest OS (generic)          [vmware]    -
30 2 the Max MAXColor S3 Trio64V+                    -
31 2-the-Max MAXColor 6000                           ET6000
32 3DLabs Oxygen GMX                                 PERMEDIA 2
33 928Movie                                          S3 928
34 AGX (generic)                                     AGX-014/15/16
35 ALG-5434(E)                                       CL-GD5434

Enter a number to choose the corresponding card definition.
Press enter for the next page, q to continue configuration.

23，在虚拟机里，选29。

Your selected card definition:

Identifier: ** VMWare guest OS (generic)          [vmware]
Chipset:    -
Driver:     vmware

Press enter to continue, or ctrl-c to abort.

24，确认

Now you must give information about your video card. This will be used for
the "Device" section of your video card in xorg.conf.

It is probably a good idea to use the same approximate amount as that detected
by the server you intend to use. If you encounter problems that are due to the
used server not supporting the amount memory you have, specify the maximum
amount supported by the server.

How much video memory do you have on your video card:

1 256K
2 512K
3 1024K
4 2048K
5 4096K
6 8192K
7 16384K
8 32768K
9 65536K
10 131072K
11 262144K
12 Other

25，显存，文献上说用4M或8M都可以，我选8M

You must now enter a few identification/description strings, namely an
identifier, a vendor name, and a model name. Just pressing enter will fill
in default names (possibly from a card definition).

Your card definition is ** VMWare guest OS (generic)          [vmware].

The strings are free-form, spaces are allowed.
Enter an identifier for your video card definition:

26，给你的显存写描述

For each depth, a list of modes (resolutions) is defined. The default
resolution that the server will start-up with will be the first listed
mode that can be supported by the monitor and card.
Currently it is set to:

"1280x1024" "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480" for 8-bit
"1280x1024" "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480" for 16-bit
"1280x1024" "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480" for 24-bit

Modes that cannot be supported due to monitor or clock constraints will
be automatically skipped by the server.

1 Change the modes for 8-bit (256 colors)
2 Change the modes for 16-bit (32K/64K colors)
3 Change the modes for 24-bit (24-bit color)
4 The modes are OK, continue.

Enter your choice:

27，选择色深。文献是16位的，我也跟风。。。

Select modes from the following list:

1 "640x400"
2 "640x480"
3 "800x600"
4 "1024x768"
5 "1280x1024"
6 "320x200"
7 "320x240"
8 "400x300"
9 "1152x864"
a "1600x1200"
b "1800x1400"
c "512x384"
d "1400x1050"

Please type the digits corresponding to the modes that you want to select.
For example, 432 selects "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480", with a
default mode of 1024x768.

Which modes?

28，分辨率的设置，可以多选，我选5432

You can have a virtual screen (desktop), which is screen area that is larger
than the physical screen and which is panned by moving the mouse to the edge
of the screen. If you don't want virtual desktop at a certain resolution,
you cannot have modes listed that are larger. Each color depth can have a
differently-sized virtual screen

Please answer the following question with either 'y' or 'n'.
Do you want a virtual screen that is larger than the physical screen?

29，设置鼠标是否可以越过虚拟桌面，一般选N，但文献说选Y很好玩。。。。所以选Y

For each depth, a list of modes (resolutions) is defined. The default
resolution that the server will start-up with will be the first listed
mode that can be supported by the monitor and card.
Currently it is set to:

"1280x1024" "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480" for 8-bit
"1280x1024" "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480" for 16-bit
"1280x1024" "1024x768" "800x600" "640x480" for 24-bit

Modes that cannot be supported due to monitor or clock constraints will
be automatically skipped by the server.

1 Change the modes for 8-bit (256 colors)
2 Change the modes for 16-bit (32K/64K colors)
3 Change the modes for 24-bit (24-bit color)
4 The modes are OK, continue.

Enter your choice:

30，又回到原来的地方了。选4确认模式。

Please specify which color depth you want to use by default:

1 1 bit (monochrome)
2 4 bits (16 colors)
3 8 bits (256 colors)
4 16 bits (65536 colors)
5 24 bits (16 million colors)

Enter a number to choose the default depth.

31，默认的色深。16位的，选4

I am going to write the xorg.conf file now. Make sure you don't accidently
overwrite a previously configured one.

Shall I write it to /etc/X11/xorg.conf?

32，是否要保存配置文件？那还用说！！

File has been written. Take a look at it before starting an X server. Note that
the xorg.conf file must be in one of the directories searched by the server
(e.g. /etc/X11) in order to be used. Within the server press
ctrl, alt and '+' simultaneously to cycle video resolutions. Pressing ctrl,
alt and backspace simultaneously immediately exits the server (use if
the monitor doesn't sync for a particular mode).

For further configuration, refer to the xorg.conf(5) manual page.

33，提示OK
接下来sync;init 6重启

好大的桌面啊～～～^o^

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宋针还 2007-12-06 19:49 发表评论