英文里动词是一个句子中不可缺少的部分。
1.完全及物动词
动词加了宾语后意思很完全。
形态：
主语+完全及物动语+宾语
I love her.
Don't hit me.
主语+be动词+现在分语+宾语
I am pulishing him.
主语+be动语+过去分语
He was hit.
2.完全不及物动词
形态：
主语+完全不及物动词
He ran.
主动+be动词+现在分词
He was running.
3.不完全不及物动词 例如:be动语
主语+不完全不及物动语+补语
He becomes handsome.
He got mad/angry/hungry
He got hurted/killed.
He face turned pale.
The leaves are turning yellow.
4.不完全及物动词
I make him wash the car. make/have sb do sth(动词原型)
get sb to do sth
let sb do sth
I let him sing a song.
let up雨停了
I have a house to let.我有房子要出租

I will force him to do it.
That story cause me to cry.

5.受予动词
I gave him a car.
give后跟的是双宾语，第一个间接宾语(通常是人或对象)，第二个直接宾语（通常是事或物）
tell,lend
I gave a book to him.
I teach english to him.
I bought a book for him.
I made a chair fom him.

在英文里，动语不能直接做主语，要变为动名词或者不定式短语。
例如：
Working with him is interesting.
To learn engish with peter is fan.
动名词用于做有经验的事情。
不定式用于没有实现的事情，例如计划，设想等。

如果不定式短语做为主语过长，可以虚的主语，it来代替，不定式短语放在句尾。
例如：
It it my plan to study aboard with very good friend of mine whose call jone.

中文里可以用句子做主语，而英文里不可以，要将句子变为名词从句。
句子前面加一个连词that，构成名词从句。
例如：
That she loves me is ture.
That he doesn't agree with me makes me angry.
It makes me angry that he doesn't agree with me.

1.Self Encapsulate Field

为这个field建立getting/setting method,并且只通过这些函数来访问field.
例：
privte int low,high;
boolean includes(int arg){
    return arg>=low&&arg<=high;
}
重构为：
private int low,high;
boolean includes(int arg){
    return arg>=getLow()&&arg<=getHigh();
}
int getLow(){return low;}
int getHigh(){return high;}

2.Replace Data Value with Object
将一个数据项变成一个对象。
3.Change Value to Reference
将这个实值对象变成一个引用对象。
4.Change Reference to Value
将一个引用对象变成实值对象。
例：
Class Currency{
private String code;
public String getCode()}
    return code;
}
private Currency(String code){
    this.code=code;
}
}
5.Replace Array with Object
以对象替换数组，对于数组中的每个元素，以一个值域表示之。
例：
String[] row=new String[3];
row[0]="Liverpool";
row[1]="15";
重构为：
Performance row=new Performance();
row.setName("Liverpool");
row.setWins("15");
6.Duplicate Observed Data
7.Change Unidirectional Association to Bidirectional
8.Change Bidirectional Association to Unidirectional

Abstract Factory
通过工厂类创建某一对象，而不是直接使用new关键字。
public class Computer(){
}
public class NoteBookComputer extends Computer(){
}
public abstract class ComputerFactory(){
    public abstract Computer createComputer();
}
public class NoteBookComputerFactory extends ComputerFactory{
     public Computer createComputer() {
         return new NoteBookComputer();
    }
}
client code:
ComputerFactory factory=new NoteBookComputerFactory();
Computer noteBook=factory.createComputer();

1.Singleton(单例模式)
一个类在系统中只存在一个实例，并提供该实例的全局访问点。
样例代码，lazy-load：
public class Singleton {
 private static Singleton instance;
 private Singleton(){
  
 }
 public static synchronized Singleton getInstance(){
  if(instance==null)
   instance=new Singleton();
  return instance;
 }
}
or
public class Singleton(){
    public static final Singleton instance=new Singleton();
    private Singleton(){
    }
}